Big Data opens big opportunities in every corner of the world in almost every companies and industries, viz. banking, stock, agriculture, telecommunications, healthcare and education. With this big opportunity comes with big challenges and issues. Opportunities are increasing as the volume of Big Data is also increasing and predicted to grow enormously because of the technological revolution, which includes but not limited to various mobile devices. The nature of big data using use cases, real-time analysis, data integration, eventually turns big data into a big value. Pressing issues identified in this paper are privacy, processing and analysis and storage. In this paper, we explored various usages of Big Data, methodologies in Big Data and a Learning Analytics Model based on Big Data, as educational entities have sensitive data which are scattered across departments in various formats and need to be processed to gain insight and to make future predictions. Prediction models may be prepared by analyzing the trends from the available historical data. These data models are helpful for data-driven decisions by the authorities.

Big Data, Learning Analytics, Hadoop, MapReduce, Big Data Analytics

[1] Chia-WeiLee, Kuang-YuHsieh, Sun-YuanHsieh and Hung-ChangHsiao, “A Dynamic Data Placement Strategy for Hadoop in Heterogeneous Environments”, Journal of Big Data Research, vol. 1,pp. 14-22, 2014.
[2] Z. Sun, Zou, H, & K. Strang, “Big data analytics as a service for business intelligence”, LNCS9373, pp. 200-211, Springer, 2015.
[3] Z. Sun, “Intelligent Big Data Analytics”, PNG University of Technology, 8 May 2017. BAIS No. 17004, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32631.83361, 2017.
[4] Divyakant Agrawal, Philip Bernstein, Elisa Bertino, Susan Davidson, Umeshwas Dayal, Michael Franklin, Johannes Gehrke, Laura Haas, Jiawei Han Alon Halevy, H.V. Jagadish, Alexandros Labrinidis, Sam Madden, Yannis Papakon stantinou, Jignesh Patel, Raghu Ramakrishnan, Kenneth Ross, Shahabi Cyrus, Dan Suciu, Shiv Vaithyanathan, Jennifer Widom, “Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data”, CYBER CENTER TECHNICAL REPORTS, PurdueUniversity, 2011.
[5] D. Laney, “3D data management: controlling data volume, velocity, and variety”, META Group, Tech. Rep. 2001. [Online]. Available: http://blogs.gartner.com/doug-laney/files/2012/01/ad949-3D-Data-Management-Controlling-Data-Volume-Velocity-and-Variety.pdf, 2012.
[6] K. Ajit, (n.d.),”The Emerging Precision, Personalized Medicine and Big Data Analytics Approach in Healthcare: Big Data Analytics in Healthcare” (Big Data in Healthcare Book 2) Kindle Edition.
[7] K. Al-Barznji, “Review of big data and big data mining for adding big value to enterprises. Engineering & Education”, 2, (1), 2017 50 Science, Engineering & Education,2(1), 50-57, 2017.
[8] L. Berntzen., M. Krumova, “Big Data from a Business Perspective. In: Themistocleous M., Morabito V. (eds) Information Systems”, EMCIS 2017. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 299. Springer, Cham, 2017.
[9] H. Bhosale, & D. Gadekar, “A Review Paper on Big Data and Hadoop” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. , 4(10), 1-7, 2014.
[10] Kevin Taylor-Sakyi, “Big Data: Understanding Big Data”, CoRR, abs/1601.04602, 2016.
[11] Nawsher Khan, Yaqoob Ibrar, Hashem I.A.T., Inayat Zakira, Ali, W.K.M., Alam M., Shiraz, M., Gani Abdullah, “Big Data Survey, Technologies, Opportunities, and Challenges”, The Scientific World Journal, Volume 2014.
[12] MS Dhruva, “Survey on Big Data Analytics,” International Journal of Engineering and Applied Computer Science, vol. 02, no. 06, pp. 181–185, Jul. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24032/ijeacs/0206/02
[13] K. Parimala, G. Rajkumar, A. Ruba, S. Vijayalakshmi, “ Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data”, International Journal Scientific Research in Computer Science and Engineering, Vol 5, Issue 5, pp 16-20, 2017.
[14] Rakesh. S.Shirsath, Vaibhav A.Desale, Amol. Potgantwar,
“Big Data Analytical Architecture for Real-Time Applications”, IJSRNSC, Volume-5, Issue-4, August 2017.
[15] M. Srinuvasu, A. Koushik, & E. Santhosh, “Big Data: Challenges and Solutions”, International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering. , 5(10), 2017.
[16] R Gadde,., & N.Vijay, “A SURVEY ON EVOLUTION OF BIG DATA WITH HADOOP”, International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering, 3(6), 2017.
[17] M. Memon, S. Soomro, A. Jumani, & M. Kartio,” Big Data Analytics and Its Applications”, Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing (AETiC). ,1(1), 2017.
[18] U. Kazemi, “Clustering methods in Big data”, Journal of Embedded Systems and Processing. 2(1,2,3), 2017.
[19] L. Sharma, & K. Ramya, “A Review on Density-based Clustering Algorithms for Very Large Datasets”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(12), 2013.
[20] M. A. Chatti, V.Lukarov, H. Thüs, A. Muslim, Yousef, A. M. F., Wahid, U., Greven, C., Chakrabarti, A., Schroeder, U.,” Learning Analytics: Challenges and Future Research Directions” eleed, Iss. 10. (urn:nbn:de:0009-5-40350), 2014.
[21] Anthony G. Picciano, “THE EVOLUTION OF BIG DATA AND LEARNING ANALYTICS IN AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATION”, Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, Volume 16: Issue 3, 2012.
[22] I.D. Constantiouand, J. Kallinikos, “New games, new rules: big data and the changing context of strategy”, Journal of Information Technology, 30(1): p. 44-57, 2015.
[23] T.C. Redman, “Data quality: the field guide” Digital press, 2001.
[24] P.Paul, “Marketing on the Internet”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 13(4): p. 27-39, 1996.
[25] S. Mulder, and Z. Yaar, “The user is always right: A practical guide to creating and using personas for the web”, New Riders, 2006.
[26] R.L. Villars, C.W. Olofson, and M. Eastwood, “Big data: What it is and why you should care”, White Paper, IDC, 2011. 14.
[27] D.D Anderson, “Debit card fraud detection and control system”, Google Patents, 1999.
[28] K.V. Rao, and M.A. Ali, “Survey on Big Data and applications of real-time Big Data analytics”, Academic Press, 2015.
[29] O. Eisen, “Methods and apparatus for detecting fraud with time-based computer tags”, Google Patents, 2015.
[30] A.F. Colladon and E. Remondi, “Using social network analysis to prevent money laundering”, Expert Systems with Applications, 67: p. 49-58, 2017.
[31] I.H. Witten et al., “Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques”, Morgan Kaufmann, 2016.
[32] R. Rui, H. Li, and Y.-C. Tu, “Performance Analysis of Join Algorithms on GPUs”, Technical Report CSE/14–016, 2014.
[33] A.K ROY, “Applied Big Data Analytics”, Paperback. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN-10, 2015.
[34] B. Dillon, P. Brummund, and G. Mwabu, “How complete are labor markets in East Africa?” Evidence from panel data in four countries. 2017.
[35] M.A. Moisescu, and I.S. Sacala, “Towards the development of interoperable sensing systems for the future enterprise”, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 27(1): p. 33-54, 2016.
[36] Zhang, Yingfeng, et al. “A framework for Big Data-driven product lifecycle management”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 159: 229-240, 2017.
[37] A.J. Coale, and E.M. Hoover, “Population growth and economic development”, Princeton University Press, 2015.
[38] R. Mahajan, “Analysis of challenges for management education in India using total interpretive structural modeling”, Quality Assurance in Education, 24(1): p. 95-122, 2016.
[39] K. Sravanthi, and T.S. Reddy, “Applications of Big data in Various Fields, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies (IJCSIT), 6(5): p. 4629-4632, 2015.
[40] A. Thomas, “Implementing Lean Six Sigma to overcome the production challenges in an aerospace company”, Production Planning & Control, 27(7-8): p. 591-603, 2016.
[41] A. Collins, and S. Drinkwater, “Fifty shades of gay: Social and technological change”, urban deconcentration and niche enterprise. Urban Studies, 54(3): p. 765-785, 2017.
[42] V.K. Jain, “Big Data and Hadoop” ,Khanna Publishing, 2017.
[43] V. Tresp, “Going digital: A survey on digitalization and large-scale data analytics in healthcare”, Proceedings of the IEEE, 104(11): p. 2180-2206, 2016.
[44] M.J. Mayer, and D.M. Andersen, “Source-to-processing file conversion in an electronic discovery enterprise system”, Google Patents, 2017.
[45] B. Akhgar, G.B. Saathoff, H.R Arabnia, R. Hill, et al.: “Application of Big Data for National Security”, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2015.
[46] S. Kulshrestha, “ Big data in military information & intelligence” IndraStra Global. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.2066640, 2(1), 1–9, 2016.
[47] M.A. Sahin, K. Leblebicioglu, “Approximating the optimal mapping for weapon-target assignment by fuzzy reasoning”, Inf. Sci. 255, 30–44, 2014.
[48] Ben Daniel, “The Value of Big Data in Higher Education”, British Journal of Educational Technology, doi: 10.1111/bjet.12230, 2014.
[49] Wadkar, S., M. Siddalingaiah, and J. Venner, Pro Apache Hadoop. Apress, 2014.
[50] N. Lohar, “Content-Based Image Retrieval System over Hadoop Using MapReduce”, 2016.
[51] L. Alarabi, “ST-Hadoop: A MapReduce Framework for Big Spatio-temporal Data” in Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Management of Data. ACM, 2017.
[52] P. Zikopoulos, and C. Eaton, “Understanding big data: Analytics for enterprise-class Hadoop and streaming data”, McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2011.
[53] A.M Hendawi, “Hobbits: Hadoop and Hive based Internet traffic analysis. in Big Data”, IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2016.
[54] S. Landset, “A survey of open source tools for machine learning with big data in the Hadoop ecosystem”, Journal of Big Data, 2(1): p. 24, 2015.
[55] I. Polato, “A comprehensive view of Hadoop research—A systematic literature review”, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 46: p. 1-25, 2014.
[56] A.P. Kulkarni, and M. Khandelwal, “Survey on Hadoop and Introduction to YARN”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 4(5): p. 82-87., 2014.
[57] M.A. Chatti, A.L. Dyckhoff,., U. Schroeder, H. Thus, “A reference model for learning analytics”, International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 4(5/6), pp. 318-331, 2012.
[58] R. Ferguson, “Learning Analytics: drivers, developments and challenges”, International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 4(5/6), pp. 304-317, 2012.
[59] M. Crush, “Monitoring the PACE of student learning: Analytics at Rio Salado Community College", Campus Technology, 2011.

[60] S. Dawson, D. Gasevic, G.Siemens, S. Joksimovic, “Current State and Future Trends: a citation network analysis of the learning analytics field”, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge, ACM New York, NY, USA, pp. 231-240, 2014.
[61] L. Johnson, S. Adams, and M. Cummins, “The NMC Horizon Report: 2012 Higher Education Edition”, Austin Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2012.