This paper aims to present a brief overview of the development of image fusion in various algorithms and applications in recent years, and to understand the challenges and ability of image fusion. Various algorithms that are typically employed are covered to comprehend the complexity of usage in different scenarios. The main objective of this paper has gone to explore different methods for efficiently fusing digital images. It`s been found that many the prevailing researchers have neglected many consequences; i.e. no technique is accurate for different type of circumstances.

Image Fusion, fusion algorithm; fusion applications, Pca, Dct, Dwt

[1] Yan Luo, Rong Liu, Yu Feng Zhu – “FUSION OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGE BASE ON THE PCA+ATROUS WAVELET TRANSFORM”, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XXXVII, Part B7, Beijing, 2008.
[2] Goodman T.N.T., Lee S.L., “Wavelets of Multiplicity r,” Trans. Of the Amer. Math. Soc., vol.342, pp:307-324, 1994.
[3] Chui C.K., Jian-ao L., “A Study of orthonormal multi wavelets”, Applied Numerical Mathematics, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 273-298(26), March 1996.
[4] Hai-hui Wang, “A New Multiwavelet-Based Approach to Image Fusion”, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, vol.21, no. 2, pp:177-192, September 2004.
[5] Donovan G., Geronimo J.S., Hardin D.P., Massopust P.R., "Construction of orthogonal wavelets using fractal interpolation functions", preprint, 1994.
[6] Yang L., Guo B.L., Li W., "Multimodality medical image fusion based on multiscale geometric analysis of contourlet transform", Neurocomputing, vol. 72, no.1–3, pp:203-211.
[7] Strela V., “Multiwavelets: Theory and Applications”, Ph.D Thesis, MIT, 1996.
[8] Yan Na ; Manfred Ehlers ; Wanhai Yang, “Adaptive remote sensing image fusion with multiwavelet transform”, Proc. SPIE 5983, Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, GIS Applications, and Geology V, 598302, October 28, 2005.
[9] Yan Meng, “Remote Sensing Image Fusion using Multi-Wavelet Transform Combined with HPF”, Conference Publications, pp:1651–1654, 2-5 July 2007.
[10] Al-Azzawi N., Sakim HA., Abdullah AK., Ibrahim H., “Medical image fusion scheme using complex contourlet transform based on PCA”, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc., 5813-6, 2009.
[11] Negar Riazifar and Mehran Yazdi, “Effectiveness of Contourlet vs Wavelet Transform on Medical Image Compression: a Comparative Study”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol.49, 2009.
[12] Ramin Eslami and Hayder Radha, “New Image Transforms Using Hybrid Wavelets and Directional Filter Banks: Analysis and Design”. Ramin Eslami and Hayder Radha, “Wavelet-based Contourlet Coding Using an SPIHT-like Algorithm”, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Oct 2004.
[13] Gonzalo Martin C.E., Lillo Saavedra M., “An Efficient Algorithm For Satellite Images Fusion Based On Contourlet Transform”, Archivo Digital UPM, 2008.
[14] Shivsubramani Krishnamoorthy, Soman K.P., "Implementation and Comparative Study of Image Fusion Algorithms", International Journal of Computer Applications, vol.9, no.2, November 2010.
[15] Ould Mohamed Dyla M.H., Tairi H., “Multi Focus Image Fusion Scheme Using A Combination Of Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform and an Image Decomposition Model”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 38, no.2, 30th April 2012
[16] Shirin Mahmoudi, “Contourlet-Based Image Fusion using Information Measures”, Proceedings of the 2nd WSEAS International Symposium on WAVELETS THEORY & APPLICATIONS in Applied Mathematics, Signal Processing & Modern Science (WAV `08), Istanbul, Turkey, May 27-30, 2008.
[17] Jia Y., Xiao M., "Fusion Of Pan And Multispectral Images Based On Contourlet Transform", ISPRS TC VII Symposium – 100 Years ISPRS, Vienna, Austria, IAPRS, Vol. XXXVIII, Part. 7B, July 5–7, 2010
[18] Yang Xiao-Hui, Jiao Li-Cheng, “Fusion Algorithm for Remote Sensing Images Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform”, ACTA AUTOMATICA SINICA, vol.34, no.3, March 2008.
[19] K. Kannan, S. Arumuga Perumal, K. Arulmozhi , "Area level fusion of Multi-focused Images using Multi-Stationary Wavelet Packet Transform”, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol.2, no.1, May 2010
[20] Shutao L., Kwok J.T., Yaonan W., “Multifocus image fusion using artificial neural networks”. Pattern Recognit. Lett., vol.23, pp:985– 997, 2002.
[21] Hossein Sahoolizadeh, Davood Sarikhanimoghadam, and Hamid Dehghani, “Face Detection using Gabor Wavelets and Neural Networks”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 45, 2008.
[22] Maziyar Khosravi, Mazaheri Amin, “BLOCK FEATURE BASED IMAGE FUSION USING MULTI WAVELET TRANSFORMS”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol.3, no.8, August 2011
[23] J. Dong, D. Zhuang, Y. Huang, and J. Fu, "Advances in multi-sensor data fusion: Algorithms and applications," Sensors (Basel), vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 7771-84, 2009.
[24] D. Jhu, X. jio, N. Clinton, and N. Wang, "An artificial neural network model for estimating crop yields using remotely sensed information," International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1723-1732, May 2004.
[25] H. Guanshan, "Neural network applications in sensor fusion for a mobile robot motion," WASE International Conference on Information Engineering (ICIE, vol. 1, pp. 46-49, Aug 2010.
[26] R. E. Gibson, D. L. Hall, and J. A. Stover, "An autonomous fuzzy logic architecture for multisensor data fusion," International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, pp. 143-150, 1994.
[27] M. A. A. Akhoundi and E. Valavi, "Multi-sensor fuzzy data fusion using sensors with different characteristics," arXiv preprint arXiv:1010.6096, 2010.
[28] Y. Xia, H. Leung, and E. Bosse, "Neural data fusion algorithms based on a linearly constrained least square method," IEEE Trans Neural Netw, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 320-9, 2002.
[29] K. Goebel and W. Yan, "Hybrid data fusion for correction of sensor drift faults," IMACS Multiconference on Computational Engineering in Systems Applications, vol. 1, pp. 456-462, Oct 2006.
[30] P. J. Escamilla-Ambrosio and N. Mort, "Hybrid kalman filter-fuzzy logic adaptive multisensor data fusion architectures," Proceedings 42nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 5215-5220, Dec 2003.
[31] Pandit, vaibhav R., and R. j. Bhiwani, "Image fusion in Remote Sensing Applications: A review, "International Journal of Computer Applications (june2015) Vol. 120 No. 10.
[32] S. S. Malik, S. P. P. Kumar, and G. B. Maruthi,"DT-CWT: Feature level image fusion based on dual-tree complex wavelet transform," in International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES), pp. 1-7, Feb 2014.
[33] Mandhare, R. Ashok and P. Upadhyay, "Pixel-level Image fusion using Brovey Transform and Wavelet Transform." International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, June 2013 Vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 2690 – 2695.
[34] A. E. Ejaily, M. Y. E. Nahas, and G.Ismail. "A New image fusion technique to improve the quality of remote sensing images," International Journal of computer Science Issues (IJCSI), Vol.10, Issue 1, (january 2013) pp. 565-569
[35] Prakash, Om, R. Srivastava, and Ashish Khare, "Biorthogonal Wavelet Transform Based Image Fusion Using Absolute Maximum Fusion Rule." Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT 2013). Proceedings of 2013 IEEE, 2013 pp. 577-582.
[36] Liu, Lixin, H. Bian, and G.shao, "An Effective Wavelet based scheme for multi-focus image fusion." International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation. japan: IEEE, 2013 pp. 1720-1725.
[37] K. Sharmila, S. Rajkumar and V. Vijayarajan, "Hybrid Method for Multimodality Medical Image Fusion using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Entropy concepts with Quantitative Analysis," International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing. INDIA: IEEE, April 2013 pp 489-493.
[38] V. Kaur and J. Kaur, "Comparison of Image Fusion Techniques: Spatial and Transform Domain based Techniques." International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science ISSN:2319-7242, May 2015, pp. 12109-12112.
[39] K. S. Yeo, M. C. Chian, T. C. W. Ng, and D. A. Tuan, "Internet of things: Trends, challenges and applications," 2014 14th International Symposium on Integrated Circuits (Isic), pp. 568-571, 2014.
[40] H. Sundmaeker, P. Guillemin, P. Friess, and S. Woelffle, "Vision and challenges for realizing the internet of things," European Commission Information Society and Media2010.
[41] F. H. Bijarbooneh, W. Du, E. C. H. Ngai, X. M. Fu, and J. C. Liu, "Cloud-assisted data fusion and sensor selection for internet of things," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 257-268, Jun 2016.
[42] Zaslavsky, C. Perera, and D. Georgakopoulos, "Sensing as a service and big data," arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.0159, 2013.
[43] F. Kirsch, R. Miesen, and M. Vossiek, "Precise local-positioning for autonomous situation awareness in the internet of things," 2014 IEEE Mtt-S International Microwave Symposium (Ims), pp. 1-4, 2014.
[44] C.-L. Wu, Y. Xie, S. K. Pradhan, L.-C. Fu, and Y.-C. Zeng, "Unsupervised context discovery based on hierarchical fusion of heterogeneous features in real smart living environments," Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), 2016 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 1106-1111, 2016.
[45] S. Wildstrom. (2012). Better living through big data. Available: http://newsroom.cisco.com/feature/778800/Better
[46] P. Bonnifait, P. Bouron, P. Crubille, and D. Meizel, "Data fusion of four ABS sensors and GPS for an enhanced localization of car-like vehicles.," Robotics and Automation, 2001. Proceedings 2001 ICRA. IEEE International Conference on, pp. 1597-1602, 2001.
[47] F. Mujica, "Scalable electronics driving autonomous vehicle technologies," Texas Instruments2014.
[48] M. Renato, E. Fernandez-Moral, and P. Rives, "Dense accurate urban mapping from spherical rgb-d images.," Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, pp. 6259-6264, 2015.
[49] E. Cardarelli, L. Sabattini, C. Secchi, and C. Fantuzzi, "Cloud robotics paradigm for enhanced navigation of autonomous vehicles in real world industrial applications," 2015 IEEE/Rsj International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (Iros), pp. 4518- 4523, 2015.
[50] Westenberger, M. Muntzinger, M. Gabb, M. Fritzsche, and K. Dietmayer, "Time-to-collision estimation in automotive multisensory fusion with delayed measurements," Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications, pp. 13-20, 2013.
[51] S. Roelofsen, D. Gillet, and A. Martinoli, "Reciprocal collision avoidance for quadrotors using on-board visual detection," 2015 IEEE/Rsj International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (Iros), pp. 4810-4817, 2015.
[52] X. J. Wei, "Autonomous control system for the quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle," 2016 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (Urai), pp. 796-799, 2016.
[53] M. Tailanian, S. Paternain, R. Rosa, and R. Canetti, "Design and implementation of sensor data fusion for an autonomous quadrotor," 2014 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2mtc) Proceedings, pp. 1431-1436, 2014.
[54] W. Zheng, J. Wang, and Z. F. Wang, "Multi-sensor fusion based real-time hovering for a quadrotor without GPS in assigned position," Proceedings of the 28th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (2016 Ccdc), pp. 3605-3610, 2016.
[55] Eitel, J. T. Springenberg, L. Spinello, M. Riedmiller, and W. Burgard, "Multimodal deep learning for robust RGB-d object recognition," 2015 IEEE/Rsj International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (Iros), pp. 681-687, 2015.
[56] E. M. Upadhyay and N. K. Rana, "Exposure fusion for concealed weapon detection," 2014 2nd International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (Icdcs), pp. 1-6, Mar 2014.
A. M. Sagi-Dolev, "Multi-threat detection system," U.S. Patent 8171810, 2012.
[57] D. Gebre-Egziabher, G. H. Elkaim, J. D. Powel, and B. W. Parkinson, "Calibration of strapdown magnetometers in magnetic field domain," Journal of Aerospace Engineering, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 87-102, Apr 2006.
[58] Favre, B. M. Jolles, O. Siegrist, and K. Aminian, "Quaternionbased fusion of gyroscopes and accelerometers to improve 3d angle measurement," Electronics Letters, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 612-614, May 25 2006.
[59] H. Medjahed, D. Istrate, J. Boudy, J. L. Baldinger, and B. Dorizzi, "A pervasive multi-sensor data fusion for smart home healthcare monitoring," IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (Fuzz 2011), pp. 1466-1473, Jun 2011.
[60] Rihar, M. Mihelj, J. Pašič, J. Kolar, and M. Munih, "Using sensory data fusion methods for infant body posture assessment.," Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, pp. 292-297, 2015.
[61] S. Knoop, S. Vacek, and R. Dillmann, "Sensor fusion for 3D human body tracking with an articulated 3d body model.," Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006. Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 1686-1691, 2006.
[62] M. T. Yang and S. Y. Huang, "Appearance-based multimodal human tracking and identification for healthcare in the digital home," Sensors (Basel), vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 14253-77, Aug 05 2014.
[63] S. Begum, S. Barua, and M. U. Ahmed, "Physiological sensor signals classification for healthcare using sensor data fusion and case-based reasoning," Sensors (Basel), vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 11770- 85, Jul 03 2014.
[64] H. Lee, K. Park, B. Lee, J. Choi, and R. Elmasri, "Issues in data fusion for healthcare monitoring," Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments 2008.