With information and data collection in richness, there is a much need for high safety. The Face recognition (FR) is a firm growing and interesting vicinity in real time constituting of various aspects. For this a number of set of rules has been developed. The consideration made here is for studying a variety of methodologies or techniques used in for the face recognition (FR) aspect. This consist of the “Principle Component Analysis” concept, the “Linear Discriminant Analysis”, the “Independent Component Analysis”, the “Support Vector Machines”, the Gabor wavelet, also the soft computing tools like the ANN for recognition & some hybrid combination. The evaluation investigates some of these strategies with parameters and challenging situations of FR scenario like the illumination, pose variations and the facial expressions.

FR, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

[1] Bruner, I. S. and Tagiuri, R. The perception of people. In Handbook of Social Pschology, Vol. 2, G. Lindzey, Ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 634–654.1954.
[2] Bledsoe, W. W. The model method in facial recognition. Tech. rep. PRI:15, Panoramic research Inc.,Palo Alto, CA.1964.
[3] Ekman, P. Ed., Charles Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Third Edition, with Introduction, Afterwords and Commentaries by Paul Ekman. Harper- Collins/Oxford University Press, New York, NY/London, U.K.1998.
[4] Kelly, M. D. Visual identification of people by computer. Tech. rep. AI-130, Stanford AI Project, Stanford, CA. 1970.
[5] Kanade, T. Computer recognition of human faces. Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland, and Stuttgart, Germany 1973.
[6] Chellapa, R., Wilson, C. L., and Sirohey, S. Human and machine recognition of faces: A survey. Proc. IEEE, 83, 705–740.1995.
[7] Samal, A. and Iyengar, P. Automatic recognition and analysis of human faces and facial expressions: A survey. Patt. Recog. 25, 65–77.1992.
[8] M. Turk and A. Pentland, "Eigenfaces for recognition," J. Cognitive Neuroscience,vol. 3, 71-86., 1991.
[9] D. L. Swets and J. J. Weng, "Using discriminant eigenfeatures for image retrieval, IEEE Trans.PAMI., vol. 18, No. 8, 831-836, 1996.
[10] C.Magesh Kumar, R.Thiyagarajan , S.P.Natarajan, S.Arulselvi,G.Sainarayanan,‖ Gabor features and LDA based Face Recognition with ANN classifier‖,Procedings Of ICETECT 2011.
[11] Önsen TOYGAR Adnan ACAN ,‖Face recognition using PCA,LDA and ICA approaches on colored images‖, Journal Of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol-13,2003.
[12] Y. Cheng, C.L. Wang, Z.Y. Li, Y.K. Hou and C.X. Zhao,‖ Multiscale principal contour direction for varying lighting face recognition‖,Proceedings of IEEE 2010.
[13] F. Al-Osaimi•M. Bennamoun • A. Mian,‖ An Expression Deformation Approach to Non-rigid 3D Face Recognition, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008.
[14] Issam Dagher,‖Incremental PCA-LDA algorithm‖, International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (4): Issue (2)
[15] J. Shermina,V. Vasudevan,‖An Efficient Face recognition System Based on Fusion of MPCA and LPP‖, American Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-223X Issue 11(2010), pp.6-19.
[16] Ishwar S. Jadhav, V. T. Gaikwad, Gajanan U.Patil,‖Human Identification Using Face and Voice Recognition‖, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 2 (3), 2011.
[17] Yun-Hee Han,Keun-Chang Kwak,‖ Face Recognition and Representation by Tensor-based MPCA Approach‖, 2010 The 3rd International Conference on Machine Vision (ICMV 2010).
[18] Neerja,Ekta Walia,‖Face Recognition Using Improved Fast PCA Algorithm‖,Proceedings of IEEE 2008.
[19] S.Sakthivel,Dr.R.Lakshmipathi,‖Enhancing Face Recognition using Improved Dimensionality Reduction and feature extraction Algorithms_An Evaluation with ORL database‖, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(6), 2010.
[20] Lin Luo, M.N.S. Swamy, Eugene I. Plotkin, ―A Modified PCA algorithm for face recognition‖, Proceedings of IEEE 2003.
[21] A. Hossein Sahoolizadeh, B. Zargham Heidari, and C. Hamid Dehghani,‖ A New Face Recognition Method using PCA, LDA and Neural Network‖, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2:8 2008.
[22] Feroz Ahmed Siddiky, Mohammed Shamsul Alam,Tanveer Ahsan and Mohammed Saifur Rahim,‖An Efficient Approach to Rotation Invariant Face detection using PCA,Generalized Regression Neural network and Mahalanobis Distance by reducing Search space‖,Proceedings Of IEEE 2007.
[23] Vapnik. Statistical Learning Theory. JohnWiley and Sons, New York, 1998.
[24] E. Osuna, R. Freund, and F. Girosit. Training support vector machines: an application to face detection. Proc. of CVPR, pages 130–136, 1997.
[25] B. Heisele, T. Serre, and T. Poggio. A componentbased framework for face detection and identification. IJCV, 74(2):167–181, 2007.
[26] Q. Tao, D. Chu, and J. Wang. Recursive support vector machines for dimensionality reduction. IEEE Trans. NN, 19(1):189–193, 2008.
[27] Marian Stewart Bartlett, Javier R. Movellan, Terrence J. Sejonowski, ―Face Recognition by Independent Component Analysis‖, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol-13, No- 6,November 2002, PP 1450-1464.
[28] Pong C.Yuen, J.H.Lai, ―Face representation using independent component analysis‖, Pattern Recognition 35 (2002) 1247-1257.
[29] Tae-Kyun Kim, Hyunwoo Kim, Wonjum Hwang, Josef Kittler, ―Independent component analysis in a local facial residue space for face recognition‖, Pattern Recognition 37 (2004) 1873-1885.
[30] Aapo Hyvärinen and Erkki Oja ―Independent Component Analysis: Algorithms and Applications‖ Neural Networks Research Centre Helsinki University of Technology P.O. Box 5400, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland, Neural Networks, 13(4-5):411-430, 2000.
[31] Bruce A. Draper, Kyungim Baek, Marian Stewart Bartlett, ―Recognizing faces with PCA and ICA‖, Computer Vision and Image Understanding 91 (2003) 115-137.
[32] Jian Yang, David Zhang, Jing-yu Yang, ―Is ICA Significantly Better than PCA for Face Recognition?‖ Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV’05) 1550- 5499/05.
[33] Kailash J. Karande, Sanjay N.Talbar,‖ Face Recognition under Variation of Pose and Illumination using Independent Component Analysis‖, ICGST-GVIP, ISSN 1687-398X, Volume (8), Issue (IV), December 2008.
[34] Quanxue Gao , LeiZhang, DavidZhang,‖ Sequential row–column independent component analysis for face recognition‖, Elsevier 2008
[35] A. Alfalou and C. Brosseau,‖ A New Robust and Discriminating Method for Face Recognition Based on Correlation Technique and Independent Component Analysis Model, Optics Letters 36 (2011) 645-647.
[36] P. Comon, ―Independent component analysis: a new concept?‖, Signal Process. 3, 287-314 (1994).
[37] Issam Dagher and Rabih Nachar,‖Face Recognition Using IPCA-ICA algorithm‖, IEEE Transactions On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, VOL. 28, NO. 6, JUNE 2006.
[38] Arindam Kar, Debotosh Bhattacharjee, Dipak Kumar Basu, Mita Nasipuri, Mahantapas Kundu,‖ High Performance Human Face Recognition using Independent High Intensity Gabor Wavelet Responses: A Statistical Approach‖, International Journal of Computer Science & Emerging Technologies 178 Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2011.
[39] Lades M, Vorbruggen J, Buhmann J, Lange J, Cvd Malsburg, Wurtz R, Konen W Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic link architecture. IEEE Trans Comput 42(3):300–311,1993.
[40] Wiskott L, Fellous JN, Kruger N, Cvd Malsburg Face recogniton by elastic bunch graph matching. IEEE Trans PAMI 19(7):775–779,1997.
[41] Shan S, Yang P, Chen X, Gao W AdaBoost Gabor Fisher classifier for face recognition. In Proceedings of international workshop on analysis and modeling of faces and gestures (AMFG 2005), LNCS 3723, pp 278– 291,2005.
[42] Shen L, Bai L,‖A review on Gabor wavelets for face recognition‖. Pattern Anal Appl 9(10):273–292,2006.
[43] Tao D, Li X, Wu X, Maybank SJ,‖General tensor discriminant analysis and Gabor features for gait recognition‖. IEEE Trans PAMI 29(10):1700–1715,2007.
[44] Li X, Maybank SJ, Yan S, Tao D, Xu D,‖Gait components and their application to gender recognition‖. IEEE Trans SMC-C 38(2):145–155,2008.
[45] Zhang W, Shan S, Gao W, Chen X, Zhang H,‖Local Gabor binary pattern histogram sequence (LGBPHS): a novel non-statistical model for face representation and recognition‖.In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV2005), pp 786–791,2005.
[46] Wenchao Zhang , Shiguang Shan,Laiyun Qing,Xilin Chen, Wen Gao,‖ Are Gabor phases really useless for face recognition?‖, Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008.
[47] Ahonen T, Hadid A, Pietika¨inen M,‖Face recognition with local binary patterns‖. In Proceeding of European conference on computer vision (ECCV2004), LNCS 3021, pp 469–481,2004.
[48] Hadjidemetriou E, Grossberg MD, Nayar SK,‖Multiresolution histograms and their use for recognition‖. IEEE Trans PAMI 26(7):831–84,2004.
[49] Vitomir ŠTRUC, Nikola PAVEŠI´C,‖ Gabor-Based Kernel Partial-Least-Squares Discrimination Features for Face Recognition‖,Informatica, , Vol. 20, No. 1, 115–138,2009.
[50] K. Messer, J. Mastas, J. Kittler, J. Luettin, and G. Maitre, ―XM2VTSDB:The extended M2VTS database,‖ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. AVBPA,pp. 72–77,1999.
[51] Olivetti & Oracle Research Laboratory, The Olivetti & Oracle Research Laboratory Face Database of Faces, http://www.cam-orl.co.uk/facedatabase.html.
[52] Arindam Kar, Debotosh Bhattacharjee, Dipak Kumar Basu, Mita Nasipuri, Mahantapas Kundu,‖ High Performance Human Face ecognition using Independent High Intensity Gabor Wavelet Responses: A Statistical Approach‖, International Journal of Computer Science & Emerging Technologies (E-ISSN: 2044-6004) 178 Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2011.
[53] H. Deng, L. Jin, L. Zhen, and J. Huang. ―A new facial expression recognition method based on local gabor filter bank and pca plus lda‖. International Journal of Information Technology, vol.11, pp.86-96, 2005.
[54] L. Shen and L. Bai. ―Information theory for gabor feature selection for face recognition‖, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, Article ID 30274, 2006.
[55] Z. Y. Mei, Z. Ming, and G. YuCong. ―Face recognition based on low dimensional gabor feature using direct fractional-step lda‖, In Proceedings of the Computer Graphics, Image and Vision: New Trends, IEEE Computer Society, 2005.
[56] B. Schiele, J. Crowley,‖Recognition without correspondence using mul-tidimensional receptive field histograms‖, International Journal on Computer Vision, 2000.
[57] A. Bouzalmat, A. Zarghili, J. Kharroubi, ―Facial Face Recognition Method Using Fourier Transform Filters Gabor and R_LDA‖, IJCA Special Issue on Intelligent Systems and Data Processing, pp.18-24, 2011.
[58] C.Sharma, ―face detection using gabor feature extraction technique‖, Journal of Global Research in Computer Science, vol.2 (4), pp.40-43, April 2011.
[59] A.Kaushal and J P S Raina, ―Face Detection using Neural Network & Gabor Wavelet Transform‖, International Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 1, September 2010.
[60] A.Khatun and Md.Al-Amin Bhuiyan, ―Neural Network based Face Recognition with Gabor Filters‖, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol.11 No.1, January 2011.
[61] P.Latha, L.Ganesan, N.Ramaraj, ―Gabor and Neural based Face Recognition‖, International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 3, November 2009.
[62] Anissa Bouzalmat ,Naouar Belghini ,Arsalane Zarghili,Jamal Kharroubi,Aicha Majda,‖ Face Recognition Using Neural Network Based Fourier Gabor Filters & Random Projection‖, International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS), Volume (5) : Issue (3), 2011.
[63] Rongbing Huang , Changming Su a, Fangnian Lang a, Minghui Du,‖ Kernel Discriminant Locality Preserving Projections for Human Face Recognition‖, Journal of Information & Computational Science 7: 4 (2010).
[64] Xiaohu Ma¤, Yanqi Tan, Yaying Zhao, Hongbo Tian,‖ Face Recognition Based on Maximizing Margin and Discriminant Locality Preserving Projection‖, Journal of Information & Computational Science 7: 7 (2010).
[65] Zhonghua Liu , Jingbo Zhou,Zhong Jin,‖ Face recognition based on illumination adaptive LDA‖, International Conference on Pattern Recognition,2010.
[66] T. Chen, W. Yin, X.S. Zhou, D. Comaniciu, T.S. Huang, Total variation models for variable lighting face recognition, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28 (9) (2006) 1519—1524.
[67] David Monzo, Alberto Albiol, Antonio Albiol, Jose M.Mossi,‖ A Comparative Study of facial landmark localization methods for Face Recognition using HOG descriptors‖, Proceedings of IEEE 2010.
[68] P. J. Phillips, P. J. Flynn, T. Scruggs, K. W. Bowyer, J. Chang, K. Hoffman, J. Marques, J. Min, and W. Worek, ―Overview of the face recognition grand challenges,‖ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis Pattern Recognit., pp. 947–954,2005.
[69] K. Fukunaga. Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition, Second Edition (Computer Science and Scientific Computing Series). Academic Press, 1990.
[70] P. Belhumeur, J. Hespanha, and D. Kriegman. Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: Recognition using class specific linear projection. In ECCV, pages 45–58, 1996.
[71] J. Ye. Characterization of a family of algorithms for generalized discriminant analysis on undersampled problems. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 6:483– 502, 2005.
[72] Li X. and Areibi S., ―A Hardware/Software co-design approach for Face Recognition‖, The 16th International Conference on Microelectronics, Tunisia 2004.
[73] Avinash Kaushal1, J P S Raina,‖ Face Detection using Neural Network & Gabor Wavelet Transform‖ IJCST Vol. 1, Issue 1, September 2010.
[74] F. Tivive and A. Bouzerdoum,‖A new class of convolutional neural network(siconnets)and their application to face detection,‖Proc. Of the International Joint Conference on neural Networks,vol. 3,pp. 2157- 2162,2003.
[75] A.Bouzerdoum,‖A new class of high order neural networks with non-linear decision boundaries‖,Proc. Of the sixth International Conference on neural Information Processing,vol.3,pp. 1004-1009,1999.
[76] A.Bouzerdoum,‖Classification and function approximation using feed-forward shunting inhibitory artificial neural networks,vol. 6,pp.613-618,2000.
[77] Steve Lawrence,C.Lee Giles,A.h Chung Tsoi, Andrew D. Back,‖ Face Recognition: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach.
[78] Lin-Lin Huang, Akinobu Shimizu, Yoshihiro Hagihara, Hidefumi Kobatake,‖ Face detection from cluttered images using a polynomial neural network‖, Elsevier Science 2002.
[79] U. KreQel, J. SchRurmann, Pattern classification techniques based on function approximation, in: H.Bunke, P.S.P. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Character Recognition and Document Image Analysis, World Scienti5c, Singapore, 1997, pp. 49–78.
[80] J. SchRurmann, Pattern Classi5cation: A Unified View of Statistical Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1996.
[81] D.Cai, X.He and J.Han, ―Efficient Kernel Discriminant Analysis via Spectral Regression‖, Technical report, Computer Science Department, UIUC, UIUCDCS-R-2007-2888, August 2007.
[82] Yue Ming, Qiuqi Ruan, Xiaoli Li, Meiru Mu,‖ Efficient Kernel Discriminate Spectral Regression for 3D Face Recognition‖, Proceedings Of ICSP 2010.
[83] Deng Cai, Xiaofei He and Jiawei Han, "Using Graph Model for Face Analysis", Technical Report, UIUCDCS-R- 2005-2636, UIUC, Sept.2005.
[84] Deng Cai, Xiaofei He, Jiawei Han and Hong-Jiang Zhang, "Orthogonal Laplacianfaces for Face Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 3608-3614, November, 2006.
[85] Dr.H.B.Kekre,Sudeep D. Thepade,AkshayMaloo,‖ Face Recognition using Texture Features Extracted form Haarlet Pyramid‖, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 12– No.5, December 2010.
[86] R.Singh, M.Vatsa; ―Effect of Plastic Surgery on Face Recognition: A Preliminary Study‖, West Virginia University,Morgantown, USA.
[87] A.Skowron, J. Stepaniuk; ―Tolerence approximation spaces‖, Fundamenta Informaticae, 27(2-3) pp: 245-253, 1996.
[88] J.F.Peters; ―Near Sets. Special Theory about Nearness of Objects‖, Fundamenta Informaticae, vol: 76, pp:1-27, 2006.
[89] K. R. Singh, Roshni S Khedgaonkar, Swati P Gawande,‖ A New Approach to Local Plastic Surgery Face Recognition Using Near Sets‖, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST) Feb 2011.
[90] Sujata G. Bhele, V. H. Mankar‖A Review Paper on Face Recognition Techniques|International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 1, Issue 8, October 2012.
[91] Suma S L , Sarika Raga|Real Time Face Recognition of Human Faces by using LBPH and Viola Jones AlgorithmReal Time Face Recognition of Human Faces by using LBPH and Viola Jones Algorithm|International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Sciences and Engineering Vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp.6-10, Oct-2018.
[92] Md.T. Akhtar, S.T. Razi, K.N. Jaman, A. Azimusshan, Md.A. Sohel|Fast and Real Life Object Detection System Using Simple Webcam| International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Sciences and Engineering Vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp.18-23, Aug-2018.