The Internet of Things (IoT), with its ability to collect data using sensors and store the voluminous data over the cloud has become the de facto standard in building up smart homes and smart cities. The routing protocols are used in the network layer and they play the pivotal role. They perform the intelligent task of forwarding and routing. If the routing is not done properly then there will be a heavy loss and retransmission of the packets, that would cost more power, memory, bandwidth and procession capacity. Therefore, the routing protocols used in the regular networks cannot be used efficiently in IoT. IPv6 routing protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) has become the favourite routing protocol of Internet of Things. There are several metrics used in the RPL to determine the path cost and to help to connect the nodes with each other. The performance quality of RPL can be analysed and measured from the factor that how best it works utilizing the resources like energy, memory, bandwidth etc. The quality of services parameters like packet delivery ratio, network convergence time, remaining energy, latency and control traffic overhead are analysed to measure the performance of RPL. The Cooja simulator running over the Contiki Sensor OS is chosen as an ideal platform due to its special feature of supporting the cross-level simulation. The open source network analyser Wireshark used in Contiki OS also helps in the process of performing the protocol analysis.

Internet of things, Routing, Low power and lossy networks, RPL, QoS for RPL, Cooja Simulator, Wireshark

[1] C. Thomson, I. Wadhaj, I. Romdhani and A. Al-Dubai, "Performance evaluation of RPL metrics in environments with strained transmission ranges," 2016 IEEE/ACS 13th International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), Agadir, pp. 1-8, 2016.
[2] Yaqoob et al., "Internet of Things Architecture: Recent Advances, Taxonomy, Requirements, and Open Challenges," in IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 10-16, June 2017.
[3] A.W. Atalay, “Design and Analysis of Routing Protocol for IPv6 Wireless Sensor Networks”, Diss. University of Pisa, Italy, pp. 5-30, 2015
[4] B. Daniel., “A Performance Evaluation of RPL with Variations of the Trickle Algorithm”, Diss. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, pp. 6-20, 2016.
[5] W. Mardini, M.Ebrahim, M.Al-Rudaini, “Comprehensive Performance Analysis of RPL Objective Functions in IoT Networks”, International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS), Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 323-332, Dec 2017.
[6] H. Ali, “A Performance Evaluation of RPL in Contiki”. Master’s Thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden, (ELnaz), pp. 5-85, 2012.
[7] “Critical Evaluation of RPL Routing Protocol for WBAN”, Chapter 4, India, pp. 79-100
[8] T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister, R. Struick, J. Vasseur, R. Alexander, “RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks”, IETF RFC 6550, 2012
[9] J. P. Vasseur, M. Kim, K. Pister, N. Dejean, and D. Barthe, “Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks”, RFC 6551, Internet Engineering Task Force RFC 6551, March 2012.
[10] P. Thubert (Ed), “Objective Function Zero for the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)”, RFC 6552, IETF, 2012.
[11] O. Gnawali, P. Levis, "The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function", IETF RFC 6719, 2012
[12] F. Osterlind, A. Dunkels, J. Eriksson, N. Finne and T. Voigt, "Cross-Level Sensor Network Simulation with COOJA," Proceedings. 2006 31st IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, Tampa, FL, pp. 641-648, 2006.
[13] T. Mehmood, “COOJA Network Simulator: Exploring the Infinite Possible Ways to Compute the Performance Metrics of IOT Based Smart Devices to Understand the Working of IOT Based Compression & Routing Protocols”, Cornell University, Islamabad, pp. 1-7, 2007.
[14] A. Orebaugh, G.Ramirez, J. Burke, L.Pesce, J. Wright, G.Morris, “Wireshark & Ethereal Network Protocol Analyser Toolkit”, Syngress Publishing, Inc., Rockland, pp. 13-53, 2007.
[15] M. Asif, S. Khan, R. Ahmad, M. Sohail and D. Singh, "Quality of Service of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review," in IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 1846-1871, 2017.
[16] M. Vučinić, B. Tourancheau and A. Duda, "Performance comparison of the RPL and LOADng routing protocols in a Home Automation scenario," 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Shanghai, pp. 1974-1979, 2013.
[17] N. Pradeska, Widyawan, W. Najib and S. S. Kusumawardani, "Performance analysis of objective function MRHOF and OF0 in routing protocol RPL IPV6 over low power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN)," 2016 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Yogyakarta, pp. 1-6, 2016.
[18] S. A. Jyothi, A. Singla, P. B. Godfrey and A. Kolla, "Measuring and Understanding Throughput of Network Topologies," SC16: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, Salt Lake City, UT, pp. 761-772, 2016.
[19] I. N. R. Hendrawan and I. G. N. W. Arsa, "Zolertia Z1 energy usage simulation with Cooja simulator," 2017 1st International Conference on Informatics and Computational Sciences (ICICoS), Semarang, pp. 147-152, 2017.
[20] Nguyen Thanh Long, N. De Caro, W. Colitti, A. Touhafi and K. Steenhaut, "Comparative performance study of RPL in Wireless Sensor Networks," 2012 19th IEEE Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux (SCVT), Eindhoven, pp. 1-6, 2012.