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Resistive based measurement principles and their applications in sensing technologies are widely used in industry and home automation. Resistive sensors apply a broad range of theories and phenomena from the fields of physics, material science, biology, electrochemistry, and electronics. Resistive sensors are the most commonly electronic component, module or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in their environment and send the information to other processing devices. In this paper, measurement of voltage from the sensing element through a resistive network is shown and different types of noise introduced in the circuit is also explained. Resistive sensors are the sensing elements which detect the changes in their resistance accordingly. The measurement of the physical quantity is quite difficult in current mode technique. Therefore the voltage mode conversion technique is being adopted to measure the physical quantities into variable resistance which is easily measured by the meters. The process of variation in resistance is widely used in the industrial applications. The resistive transducer can work both as the primary as well as the secondary transducer. The primary transducer changes the physical quantities into a mechanical signal, and secondary transducer directly transforms it into an electrical signal. Their applications span homeland security, industry, environment, space, traffic control, home automation, aviation, and medicine. Modern sensors are direct or indirect applications of the resistive sensing principles.

Resistive Sensor, Voltage Divider Network, Wheatstone Bridge Network, Noise

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[2] S. Bhattacharyya, K.Chatterjee, S.N.Mahato, “A Dynamic Range Differential Capacitive Sensor Interface Circuit with Noise Shaping Model of Sigma-Delta Modulator”, International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES), Year: 2016, IEEE Conference Proceedings, Issue-III, Pages: 296-299.
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S.Bhattacharyya, K. Chatterjee, S.N. Mahato, "A Low Cost Resistive Sensor Interface Circuit and its Noise Model", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.161-164, 2019.

Temperature is one of the most important process variables which are required to be measured and as well as controlled in the field of different process industries. So, accurate and reliable measurement of temperature is always treated as one of the most essential requirements in any process industry. The main objective of this work is to design and implement an automated user-defined temperature control system using the IC-based temperature sensor and embedded system. In order to control the temperature of a system in a very compact way,the temperature window should be user-defined. An automatic temperature controlling system is a device that helps keep the temperature of a particular region within a defined temperature window. A temperature window selects the range of temperature where the lower limit and the upper limit of the temperature is user-defined. This means the temperature window within which the temperature is to be maintained purely depends on the user. Any time the user can change the set temperature range accordingly. It is generally used for measurement as well as controlling the temperature within the range of -55oC to 150oC.

Temperature measurement, IC-based temperature sensors, Microcontroller

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[12] Zhang Xiaodong, Zhang Jie, “Design and Implementation of Smart Home Control System Based on STM32”, Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), IEEE, pp. 3023-3027, DOI: 10.1109/CCDC.2018.8407643, 2018.
[13] Sun Kai, Liu Xin-Sheng, Xia Kui-Liang, “Design and Research of intelligent Temperature Control deviceBased on Microprocessor”, Fourth International Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement, Computer, Communication and Control, IEEE, pp. 256-259, DOI: 10.1109/IMCCC.2014.60, 2014.
[14] Peng Wang, “Design of Temperature and Humidity Intelligent Control System Based on C8051F”, Proceedings of International Conference on Electronics and Optoelectronics, IEEE, pp. V3-63-V3-66, DOI: 10.1109/ICEOE.2011.6013301, 2011.
[15] Baruah.J, Islam.B, “Microcontroller Based Temperature Monitoring andControlling System”, International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST), Vol.26, No26, pp. 117-121, 2014.
[16] Reetam Mondal, Sagarika Pal, “Microcontroller Based Temperature Monitoringand Closed Loop Control to Study the Reactionof Controlled Variable with Respect to Load Changes”, Sensors & TransducersJournal, Vol. 153, Issue 6, pp. 148-154, 2013.
[17] A Dmodar, T. Rajagopalan, “Microprocessor Based ProgrammableTemperature Control System”, IETE Journal of Research, Vol. 29, Issue 4, pp. 179-180, 2015.
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Bikas Mondal, Archibrata Chaudhuri, Aref Billaha, Bhaskar Roy, Promana Datta, "Novel Approach of IC-Based User Defined Temperature Control System", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.165-170, 2019.

In this paper the schematic diagrams for realization of low power RF to DC Converter have been illustrated. Here we have implemented the rectifier circuit at 2.45 GHz . -5 dBm,0 dBm,10 dBm input power are taken for the design and simulation of the rectifier circuit. Variation of input power with respect to DC voltage is shown at 2.45 GHz frequency. Likewise change of S1,1 & variation of output power with respect to frequency is also presented. In this paper we have illustrated the schematic design of the rectifier circuit along with the matching circuit utilizing HSMS 2820. Simulations explain that the DC voltage of 0.459V, 0.859V, 3.120V can be obtained at -5dBm, 0dBm, 10 dBm input power when input frequency 2.45GHz and load resistance of 20kΩ

Return loss , Wireless Sensor Networks ,RF to DC converter

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[7] N. Hasan and S. K. Giri, "Design of low power RF to DC generator for energy harvesting application," International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research, vol. 1, pp. 562-568, 2012..

Kousik Roy, Chiranjib Goswami, Naimul Hasan, Rashmi Priya, Saswata Chakraborty, "A Novel Low Power RF to DC Converter for Wireless Sensor Network", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.171-173, 2019.

The Internet of Things (IOT) defines that objects are interconnected through wired and wireless networks without user intervention. The current IOT perform, sensing, actuating, data gathering, storing, and processing by connecting physical or virtual devices to the Internet. In this paper a model of automated plant watering system has proposed. It is a model of controlling watering system to the plants. Automatic plant watering system is a technological solution that enables automating the bulk of electronic, electrical and technology based task within a home or in the garden. It uses a combination of hardware and software technology that enables control and management of water supply to the plants automatically.

IOT, Plant watering, Home automation

[1] Shrinidhi Rajagopal ; Vallidevi Krishnamurthy, “OO design for an IoT based automated plant watering system”2017 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Signal Processing (ICCCSP),Year: 2017,Page s: 1 – 5,IEEE Conferences
[2] Pareena Jariyayothin ; Kachaporn Jeravong-aram ; Nattakarn Ratanachaijaroen ; Thitinan Tantidham ; Puwadech Intakot, “IoT Backyard: Smart Watering Control System”,2018 Seventh ICT International Student Project Conference (ICT- ISPC),Year: 2018,Page s: 1 – 6,IEEE Conferences
[3] Alauddin Al-Omary; Haider M. AlSabbagh; Husain Al- Rizzo,“Cloud based IoT forsmartgarden watering system using Arduino Uno” Smart Cities Symposium 2018,Year: 2018,Page s: 1 – 6,IET Conferences.
[4] S. Vaishali; S. Suraj; G. Vignesh ; S. Dhivya ; S. Udhayakumar, “Mobile integrated smart irrigation management and monitoring system using IOT,2017 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP),Year: 2017,Page s: 2164 – 2167,IEEE Conferences.
[5] Amogh Jayaraj Rau ; Jairam Sankar ; Ashok R Mohan ; Deepti Das Krishna ; Jimson Mathew, “IoT based smart irrigation system and nutrient detection with disease analysis” 2017 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP),Year: 2017,Page s: 1 – 4,IEEE Conferences.
[6] Priyanka Padalalu ; Sonal Mahajan ; Kartikee Dabir ; Sushmita Mitkar ; Deepali Javale, “Smart water dripping system for agriculture/farming”,2017 2nd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT),Year: 2017,Page s: 659 – 662,IEEE Conferences
[7] Rashmi R. Agale ; D. P. Gaikwad, “Automated Irrigation and Crop Security System in Agriculture Using Internet of Things”,2017 International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and Automation (ICCUBEA),Year: 2017,Page s: 1 – 5,IEEE Conferences

Sattik Das, Nivedita Pandit, Nandita Gupta, Anjali Ray, Sumanta Chatterjee, Apurba Paul, "IOT Based Automatic Plant Watering and Tank Filling System", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.174-176, 2019.

Today in this present era where technological advances are at its vertex, there is not even a single sector which remains untouched by technology. Technology has not merely established our lives simpler, but also offers a high level of safety and security whenever required. In our day to day lives, we all use cooking fuel, that is LPG for cooking our daily meals, but if this fuel gets leaked due to some or the other way and then there is a large possibility of a calamity to occur around. Hazards due to gas leakage are dangerous and can become uncontrollable if quick actions are not taken. But this gas leak mostly remains unnoticed and there should be some means to observe them so that a quick action can be taken. This paper basically deals with the development of the detection of LPG cylinder leakage at home using a gas leak sensor called MQ-6 sensor at the initial stage, which when detects gas leakage, sets the buzzer on alarm which further displays an equivalent message on the LED display of Arduino UNO. For the safety part, we use a PIR motion sensor which can detect human presence. Here, Relay module is used as a circuit breaker which will be further discussed in this paper.

Ardui no UNO, MQ-6 sensor, relay module

[1] Subbarayudu, A.; Pavithra, M.; Susmitha, M. 2018. Automated LPG Gas Monitoring, Booking & Leakage Detector for Home Safety. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, v.5, n.11, p.602-604.
[2] Bante, R.; Bhure, P.; Raut, K.; Vatti, R. 2017. GSM Based Home Automation and Gas Leakage Detector. International Journal of Advanced Computing and Electronics Tehnology (IJACET), v.2, n.2, p.1-9.
[3] John, A.M.; Purbia, B.; Sharma, A.; Udapurkar, A.S. 2017. LPG/CNG Gas Leakage Detection System with GSM Module. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, v.6, n.5, p.536-540.
[4] Ashraf, M.; Saif, S.; Saifuddin, S.; Khan, M.I.; Tabassum, S.A. 2017. LPG Leakage Detecting and Alerting System. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, v.5, n.01, p.162- 164.
[5] Loshali, G.; Basera, R.; Darmwal, L.; Varma, S. 2017. LPG Leakage Detecting and Alerting System. International Journal of Emerging Technologies, v.8, n.01, p.98-100.
[6] Ayeevinotha, J.; Manasi, M.; Marikannan, A.; Dharani, S.; Negarajalakshmi, K. 2017. Automatic Gas Booking, Leakage and Detection using GSM. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER), v.8, n.01, p.219-224
[7] Shanthini, S.; Marshell, M.J. 2017. Smart Automation in Gas Level Monitoring with Leakage Detection and Refill Booking using Embedded System. Journal of Advances in Communication Engineering and Its Innovations, v.4, n.6, p.17-19.
[8] Leavline, E.J.; Singh, D.A.A.G.; Abinaya, B. 2017. LPG Gas Leakage Detection and Alert System. International Journal of Electronics Engineering Research, v.4, n.7, p.1095-1097.
[9] Ankit Sood, Babalu Sonkar, Atul Ranjan, Ameer Faisal, “Microcontroller Based LPG Gas Leakage Detector Using GSM Module”, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research, Vol. 3, Issue2, (2015), pp. 264-269.

Jyotsna Mallick, Siddhartha Sankar Bhunia, Annesa Samanta, "Auto LPG Leakage Security Using Arduino", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.177-180, 2019.

A vast quantity of electrical power of various countries is consumed in lighting the streets. For a specific period of time, the vehicles passes with low rate and some parts of the streets are not occupied by vehicles, in that time there is wastage. The main aim of this paper is to develop an automatic system by which energy will be conserved as well as public shelter will be given, and doing so, few more homes will be lightened and we will be able to give shelter to everyone in road during sudden rainfall. The proposed work is accomplished by using Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to control the wastage of electricity and the shading during rain. Meanwhile, a counter is set to count the rain drops. This proposed work will be useful for reducing the wastage of unused electricity and public shelter in sudden situation.

Arduino UNO, Rain sensor, LDR, SG 90

[1] Aishwarya.N. Patil, Ashwin Tripathi, S. A. Fanan, “Intelligent Street-Light System using Arduino UNO”, Volume 7 Issue No.5, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications.
[2] D. A. Devi and A. Kumar, “Design and Implementation of CPLD based Solar Power Saving System for Street Lights and Automatic Traffic Controller”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications.
[3] Y. K. Tan; T. P. Huynh; Z. Wang,” Smart Personal Sensor Network Control for Energy Saving in DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System”, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid.
[4] A.A.Nippun Kumaar, Kiran.G, Sudarshan TSB,” Intelligent Lighting System Using Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.1, No.4, December 2010, pp 17-27
[5] Y. K. Tan; T. P. Huynh; Z. Wang,” Smart Personal Sensor Network Control for Energy Saving in DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System”, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid.
[6] Mustafa Saad, Abdalhalim Farij, Ahamed Salah And Abdalroof Abdaljalil “Automatic Street Light Control System Using Microcontroller” Department of Control Engineering College of Electronic Technology/ Baniwalid Baniwalid- Libya LIBYA, Mathematical Methods and Optimization Techniques in Engineering.

Sounik Ghosh, Siddhartha Sankar Bhunia, Annesa Samanta, "Auto Intensity Control of Street Lights cum shading during rain Using Arduino", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.181-184, 2019.

A cost effective approach for better communication to mitigate the narrow band jamming in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system in case of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) single user system is depicted in the paper. The need for improvement of the jamming problem in modern telecommunication system has huge applications in security sector. A comparative analysis of Power Spectral Density (PSD) of CDMA with and without narrowband jamming condition is proposed in this paper. By variation of signal power and Barker code, an optimised system is illustrated supported by Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio (Eb/N) curve. Increment of signal power provides us low narrowband jamming as well as jamming free PSD. Spreading factor variations supported by Barker Code illustrates the results in favour of optimization of the system under narrow band jamming condition. The entire above spoken CDMA-DSSS system modelling and performance analysis are implemented using MATLAB®.

CDMA, DSSS, PSD, BER, MATLAB®

[1] R. Abimoussa and R.J. Landry, ”Anti-jamming solution to narrowband CDMA interference problem ”2000 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Conference Proceedings. Navigating to aNew Era(Cat. No.00TH8492), Pages: 1057 - 1062 vol.2, 2000.
[2] Lichuan Liu and Hongya Ge, “Subspace projection and time- varying AR modeling for anti-jamming DS-CDMA communications’’, 14th Annual International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications, 2005. WOCC 2005,page: 104
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[4] T. Ristaniemi; K. Raju and J. Karhunen,’’ Jammer mitigation in DS-CDMA array system using independent component analysis”, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333) Year: 2002, Volume: 1, Pages: 232 - 236
[5] Lichuan Liu and Hongya Ge, ”Time-varying AR modeling and subspace projection for FM jammer suppression in DS/SS-CDMA systems’’, The Thrity-Seventh Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, Year: 2003, Volume: 1, Pages: 623 - 627
[6] Fang-Biau Ueng, Jun-Da Chen and Sheng-Han Cheng, ‘’Smart antennas for multiuser DS/CDMA communications in multipath fading channels’’ Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications - Programme and Book of Abstracts (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8738) Year: 2004 Pages: 400– 404.
[7] Tsung-Chi Lin, Chia-Cheng Hsu , Cheng-Yuan Chang , Guu-Chang Yang and Wing C. Kwong, ’’Study of MFSK/FH-CDMA wireless communication systems without symbol-synchronous assumption’’ Year: IEEE Sarnoff Symposium, 2007 Pages : 1 – 5.
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[9] M.G.S. Sriyananda, J. Joutsensalo and T. Hämäläinen “Interference Cancellation Schemes for Spread Spectrum Systems with Blind Principles ’’, 2013 IEEE 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA) Year: 2013 Pages: 1078 – 1082
[10] Lu Ma, Cheng Fan, Wei Sun, Gang Qiao, " Comparison of detection methods for non-cooperative underwater acoustic DSSS signals", Signal Processing Communications and Computing (ICSPCC) 2017 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 1-5, 2017.
[11] Lu Ma, Cheng Fan, Wei Sun, Gang Qiao, "A Real-Time Detection System for Non-Cooperative Underwater Acoustic DSSS Signals Based on LabVIEW", Advanced Information Management Communicates Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC) 2018 2nd IEEE, pp. 1331-1335, 2018.
[12] Rida Tahir, Saqib Ejaz, Sobia Jangsher, Saqib Ali, "Performance Analysis of Multi-User Polar Coded CDMA system", Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST) 2019 16th International Bhurban. Conference on, pp. 1000-1005, 2019.
[13] T. Manna and A. Kole “Performance Analysis of Secure DSSS Multiuser Detection Under Near Far Environment” International Conference on Intelligent Control, Power and Instrumentation 2016 (IEEE Conference)), DOI: 10.1109/ICICPI.2016.7859713 IEEE ISBN No.:978-1-5090- 2636-4., IEEE Xplore, December 2016.

Tanajit Manna, Subhradeep Sengupta, Alok Kole, "An Approach To Mitigate The Narrowband Jamming in DSSS-CDMA System", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.185-190, 2019.

A portable power bank comprising a main body internally defining a chamber in which a battery is mounted. Portable power bank is made by, firstly solar plate connected to charger module then connected to Lithium-ion battery and voltage booster with slide switch and high voltage shock circuit is also connected with push button switch with Lithium-ion battery. Now a day’s women safety is the paramount issue in our society. Therefore we attempt to affix a safety system with power bank which is charged by solar energy. Solar energy use natural resource that avoids the pollution also.

Solar Plate, Lithium-ion Battery, Charger Module, Voltage Booster, High Voltage Shock Circuit

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[4] Longhan Xie, Jiehong Li, Siqi Cai, Xiaodong Lidesign and experiment of a self-charged power bank by harvesting sustainable human motio.
[5] Multifunctional portable power bank 1Wong – US patent 8,541,985,2013 – Google patents.
[6] Boost converter operation LT 1070 design manual, Carl Nelson & Jim Willians.
[7] www.wikipedia.org
[8] www.quora.com

Swati Sinha, Amir Maviya, Md Salman, Siddhartha Sankar Bhunia, "Solar Power Bank With Safety System", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.191-194, 2019.

Water Level Measurement & Control forms an important part of any process in the industries as well as domestic purposes. It is generally observed that the measurement and control of liquid level is done either with the help of various continuous control strategies employing Proportional-Integral(PI)/Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID) Controller in many plants where as in many other applications discrete control of pump starting and stopping is done for both for industrial & domestic purposes. Here in this particular work we propose a automatic liquid level monitoring & modified control strategy in the control algorithm which helps the pump not to operate when there is no water in the underground tank thus preventing the dry run of the pump helping in conservation of energy, preventing water wastage as well as protecting the pump from operating under dry run condition by switching the pump off. The system designed uses Arduino UNO as the Microcontroller board actuating the control action via a relay circuit to turn on or off a operating Dc pump as a prototype model.

Water level Measurement & Control,Pump, Discrete control, Arduino UNO

[1] B.Mondal,S Rakshit,R. Sarkar & N. Mondal “Study of PID and FLC based Water level control Using ultrasonic Level Detector” In the Proceedings of 2016 IEEE International Conference on Computer, Electrical & Communication Engineering (ICCECE)
[2] U.M.Nath, C.Dey, R. K Mudi“Fuzzy-based auto-tuned IMC-PID controller for level control process” , In the Proceedings of 2017 International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communications, and Business Analytics CICBA 2017,pp 372-381,2017
[3] S.Sen, C.Dey,& U.Mondal “ IMC based Fractional-order Controller for a Level Process” In IEEE 5th International Conference on Opto-Electronics and Applied Optics OPTRONIX 2019.
[4] S.K.Swar, S. Das, D.Sur & S.Paul“Automatic Liquid Level & Temperature Monitoring and Controlling using LABVIEW and ARDUINO”, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 11, Issue 2, PP 56-60,2016
[5] B. N. Getu, & H.A. Attia “Automatic water level sensor and controller system”, In the Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electronic Devices, Systems and Applications (ICEDSA).
[6] K. S. Varun, K. A Kumar, V. R. Chowdary, & C. S. K. Raju “Water Level Management Using Ultrasonic Sensor(Automation)”
[7] Abhishek Saini, Shikhar Rana, Simranjeet Singh, Mohit, Harpreet Kaur Channi, “Designing and Modeling of Water Level Indicator”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Volume 2, Issue 6, November-December 2017.
[8] Muhammad Ali Mazidi Janice Gillispie Mazidi Rolin D. McKinlay, “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C”, Pearson education Publication.
[9] S.N.Durga1, M. Ramakrishna2, G. Dayanandam3, “ Autonomous Water tank Filling System using IoT”, International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.06, Issue.9, pp.123-141, 2018

Satyaki Sen, Mayukh Paul, Monosiz Bandyopadhyay, Riddhi De, "Automatic Water Level Control With Dry Run Protection of Pump", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.195-199, 2019.

As the world gets more and more technologically advanced, we are in search of new technologieswhich will come to the help of physically challenged persons.Modern technologies have enriched us, eases our life a great deal but it is a high time to think of those people who are completely physically challenged. We shouldproperly utilizeourscience and technology so that all can enjoy equal benefits in the society.As a small step, we are trying to present a modern technology nourished system which hopefully reduces the difficulties of the blind people in their daily life to some extent. In this paper, we are presenting the design and implementation of a simple, low cost and flexible cap-likeObstacles Detector system which basically usesan Ultrasonic Sensor and GPS Module. ThisESP8266 Microcontroller based system which is designed for visually impaired persons can be upgraded in the future in better sophisticated form integrating a navigate system,camera or incorporating voice recognition like facilities. We believe small steps fromall of us can change their life in a big way.

Node MCU (ESP8266), GPS (NEO-6m), Ultrasonic Sensor

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