This paper describes the techniques of image processing used for construction of 3D face models from a 2D input. 3D models play an important role in various fields. The advances in technologies have put a greater emphasis on efficient techniques of 2D to 3D conversion. 3D models can be developed manually or automatically. Automatic construction process faces certain problems such as identification of the subtle nuances present in the features of each individual. Also presenting a model which has the natural elements of each individual requires consideration. The process can be carried out in two phases; in the initial phase a 2D input is fed as input from which a new 3D model is registered by computing one-to-one correspondence to a 3D model present in a database of 3D models. Next the naturalness of the models is taken into consideration and the unlikely appearance factor is minimized. This paper discusses about the different techniques used in 2D to 3D conversion, how well they have contributed in increasing the efficiency of the process and what future research needs to be conducted.

3D modeling techniques, facial modeling, Image registration, photogrammetry, Morphological operation, virtual imaging, facial animation, computer vision, image metamorphosis, view interpolation, view synthesis, image warping

[1] Volker Blanz, Thomas Vetter, “A Morphable Model For The Synthesis Of 3D Faces” ,SIGGRAPH '99 Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, 1999
[2] Kavita, Ritika Saroha, Rajani Bala, Ms. Sunita Siwach, “Review paper on Overview of Image Processing and Image Segmentation”, 2014 International Journal of Research in Computer Applications and Robotics, Volume 1, Issue 7, 2013
[3] Sung Won Park, Jingu Heo and Marios Savvides, “3D Face Reconstruction from a Single 2D Face Image”, Educational and Information Technology (ICEIT), 2010 International Conference (Volume:3 ),
[4] Ralph Oyini Mbouna, Seong G. Kong, Myung-Geun Chun, “Visual Analysis of Eye State and Head Pose for Driver Alertness Monitoring’’, Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions (Volume:14, Issue:3), 2013
[5] Steven M. Seitz, Charles R. Dyer, “View Morphing”, SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, Pages 21-30, 1996
[6] Chatkaewmanee P.; Dailey, M.N., “Object virtual viewing using adaptive tri-view morphing”, Image Processing, IET, 2013
[7] Seong G. Kong, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ralph Oyini Mbouna, Member, IEEE “Head Pose Estimation From a 2D Face Image Using 3D Face Morphing With Depth Parameters” Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on Year: 2015, Volume: 24, Issue: 6 Pages: 1801 - 1808
[8] Hao Tang, Yuxiao Hu, Yun Fu, Mark Hasegawa-Johnson, and Thomas S. Huang, “Real-time conversion from a single 2d face image to a 3d text-driven emotive audio-visual avatar”, Multimedia and Expo, 2008 IEEE International Conference on June 23 2008-April 26 2008, Page(s): 1205 - 1208
[9] Ashraf Maghari, Ibrahim Venkat, Iman Yi Liao, Bahari Belaton, “Adaptive face modelling for reconstructing 3D face shapes from single 2D images”, IET Computer Vision 09/2014
[10] Rerkchai Fooprateepsiri, Werasak Kurutach and Surakarn Duangphasuk, “2D-to-3D Integrated Face Reconstruction for Face Recognition”, Communications and Information Technology, 2009. 9th International Symposium; ISCIT 2009.
[11] Matthew J. Clarkson, Daniel Rueckert, Derek L.G. Hill, and David J. Hawkes, “IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 23(11), Page No:1266-1280, November 2001.
[12] D.Gladiya Lincy, S.Mary Joans, “Segmentation of Image Using Enhanced Morphological Gradient Hit Method”, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) Volume-3, Issue-1, March 2013